Ua lilo ʻo Kina i mana honua, akā he liʻiliʻi ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ke ʻano o ia mea a me ke ʻano o ia mea.Manaʻo ka poʻe he nui ke kūʻai aku nei ʻo Kina i kāna kumu hoʻomohala a hoʻokau i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe.Akā ke hoʻonui nei nā ʻoihana Kina i ko lākou hele ʻana ma o ka hui pū ʻana me nā mea pāʻani a me nā ʻoihana kūloko, hoʻololi a hoʻopili i nā ʻano kūloko a me nā kuʻuna, nā kuʻuna a me nā hana.
Mahalo i nā makahiki he nui o ke kālā lokomaikaʻi mai ka Ford Carnegie Foundation, ke hana nei ia ma nā ʻāpana ʻehiku o ka honua-Africa, Central Asia, Latin America, Middle East and North Africa, Pacific, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.Ma o ka hui pū ʻana o ka noiʻi a me nā hālāwai hoʻolālā, ʻimi ka papahana i kēia mau ʻano paʻakikī, me ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā hui Kina i nā kānāwai hana kūloko ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, a pehea e ʻimi ai nā panakō a me nā kālā Kina i ke kālā Islam a me nā huahana hōʻaiʻē ma Asia Hema a me Central Asia. .Hiki i nā mea hana keaka a me Kina ke kōkua i nā limahana kūloko e hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou mākaukau ma Central Asia.ʻO kēia mau hoʻolālā adaptive o Kina, e hoʻololi a hana i nā mea maoli kūloko, ʻaʻole mālama ʻia e nā poʻe kālai'āina Komohana.
ʻO ka hope loa, manaʻo ka papahana e hoʻonui i ka ʻike a me ke kūkākūkā ʻana i ke kuleana o Kina i ka honua a hoʻoulu i nā manaʻo politika hou.Hiki i kēia ke ʻae i nā mea hana kūloko e hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi i nā ikaika Kina e kākoʻo i ko lākou hui a me ko lākou ʻoihana, hāʻawi i nā haʻawina no ke komo ʻana o ke Komohana a puni ka honua, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā ʻāina e ulu ana, kōkua i ke kaiāulu kālai'āina o Kina e aʻo mai ka ʻokoʻa o ke aʻo ʻana mai ka ʻike Kina, a e hōʻemi paha. paio.
Hōʻike nā kamaʻilio pāʻoihana ma waena o Benin a me Kina pehea e hiki ai i nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua ke hoʻokele i ka dynamics o nā pilina ʻoihana ma Kina a me ʻApelika.Ma Benin, ua komo nā luna Kina a me nā luna kūloko i nā kūkākūkā lōʻihi ma luna o kahi ʻaelike e hoʻokumu i kahi kikowaena kalepa e manaʻo ana e hoʻonui i ka pilina ʻoihana ma waena o nā ʻoihana Pākē a me Benin.Aia i loko o Cotonou, ke kūlanakauhale waiwai nui o Benin, ke manaʻo nei ke kikowaena e hoʻolaha i ka hoʻopukapuka kālā a me ka ʻoihana kūʻai nui, e lawelawe ana ma ke ʻano he kikowaena o nā pilina pāʻoihana Kina ʻaʻole wale ma Benin, akā ma ka ʻāina ʻo ʻApelika Komohana, ʻoi aku ka nui a me ka ulu ʻana. o ka makeke pili o Nigeria.
Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia ʻatikala ma ka noiʻi kumu a me nā hana i hana ʻia ma Benin mai 2015 a 2021, a me nā kikoʻī a me nā ʻaelike hope i kūkākūkā ʻia e nā mea kākau, e ʻae ana i ka loiloi textual comparative like, a me nā nīnauele mua a me nā hahai.-luna.Nīnauele me nā mea kūkākūkā alakaʻi, nā mea kālepa Beninese a me nā haumāna Beninese mua ma Kina.Hōʻike ka palapala i ke kūkākūkā ʻana o nā mana Kina a me Benin i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke kikowaena, ʻo ia hoʻi ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mana o Benin i nā mea kūkākūkā Kina i ka hana o Benin kūloko, ke kūkulu ʻana a me nā hoʻoponopono kānāwai a hoʻokau i ko lākou mau hoa Kina.
ʻO ia ka manaʻo ua lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ke kūkākūkā ʻana ma mua o ka maʻamau.ʻO ka hui pūʻana ma waena o Kina a me'Afelika eʻike pinepineʻia e nā kūkākūkā wikiwiki, kahi ala i hōʻoiaʻiʻoʻia he mea pōʻino i kekahi mau mea e hiki ai ke alakaʻi i nā hua'ōlelo maopopoʻole a kūponoʻole i kaʻaelike hope.ʻO nā kūkākūkā ma ka Benin China Business Center he kumu hoʻohālike maikaʻi ia e hiki ai i nā mea kūkākūkā i hui pū ʻia ke lawe i ka manawa e hana me ka hui pū ʻana me nā keʻena aupuni like ʻole a hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hopena maikaʻi aʻe ma ke ʻano o ka ʻoihana kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hale e kū nei, ka hana, ka kaiapuni. a me na hooponopono oihana.a me ka mālama ʻana i nā pilina bilateral maikaʻi me Kina.
ʻO nā haʻawina e pili ana i nā pilina kalepa ma waena o Kina a me ʻApelika nā mea hana ʻole o ka mokuʻāina, e like me nā mea kālepa, nā mea kālepa a me nā mea kālepa, e nānā maʻamau i ke ʻano o nā hui Kina a me nā malihini e lawe mai i nā waiwai a me nā waiwai a hoʻokūkū me nā ʻoihana ʻAmelika kūloko.Akā aia kahi "parallel" o nā pilina ʻoihana Sino-Africa no ka mea, e like me kā Giles Mohan lāua ʻo Ben Lambert i ʻōlelo ai, "he nui nā aupuni o ʻApelika e ʻike maopopo iā Kina he hoa pili i ka hoʻomohala waiwai a me ka pono o ke aupuni.e nana ia Kina ma ke ano he kumu waiwai waiwai no ka hooulu ana i ka pilikino a me ka hooulu ana i ka oihana.”1 Ke pii nei ka noho ana o na waiwai Kina ma Aferika, ma muli o ke kuai ana o na mea kalepa o Aferika i na waiwai mai Kina i kuaiia ma na aina o Aferika.
ʻO kēia mau pilina ʻoihana, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ka ʻāina ʻo ʻApelika Komohana o Benin, he mea aʻoaʻo loa.I ka waena o 2000s, ua kūkākūkā nā bureaucrats kūloko ma Kina a me Benin i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kikowaena waiwai a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana (i ʻike ʻia ʻo ia he kikowaena kalepa) i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomohala i nā pilina pili waiwai a me nā ʻoihana ma waena o nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua ma o ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā lawelawe hoʻoikaika kālepa, nā hana. .hoʻomohala a me nā lawelawe e pili ana.Ke ʻimi nei hoʻi ka Center e kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā pilina ʻoihana ma waena o Benin a me Kina, ʻo ia ka hapa nui a i ʻole semi-formal.Aia i loko o Cotonou, ke kikowaena waiwai nui o Benin, kokoke i ke awa nui o ke kūlanakauhale, ke manaʻo nei ke kikowaena e lawelawe i nā ʻoihana Kina ma Benin a ma ʻApelika Komohana, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka mākeke nui a ulu o nā ʻāina kokoke.Hoʻolaha i ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻopukapuka kālā a me ka ʻoihana kūʻai nui.ma Nigeria.
Ke nānā nei kēia hōʻike i ke ʻano o ke kūkākūkā ʻana o nā mana Kina a me Benin i nā ʻōlelo no ka wehe ʻana o ka Center a, ʻo ia hoʻi, pehea i hoʻololi ai nā luna Benin i nā kūkākūkā Kina i ka hana kūloko, kūkulu, nā kūlana kānāwai a me nā lula o Benin.Manaʻo nā mea kūkākūkā Kina e ʻae ana nā kūkākūkā lōʻihi ma mua o ka mea maʻamau i nā luna Benin e hoʻokō pono i nā lula.Ke nānā nei kēia loiloi i ka hana ʻana o ia mau kūkākūkā i ka honua maoli, kahi i loaʻa ʻole ai i ka poʻe ʻApelika ka nui o ka makemake kūʻokoʻa, akā hoʻohana pū kekahi no ka mana koʻikoʻi, ʻoiai ka asymmetry i ka pilina me Kina.
Ke pāʻani nei nā alakaʻi ʻoihana ʻApelika i kahi kuleana nui i ka hohonu a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pilina pili waiwai ma waena o Benin a me Kina, me ka hōʻoia ʻana ʻaʻole ʻo nā hui Kina wale nō ka poʻe pōmaikaʻi o kā lākou komo ʻana ma ka ʻāina.Hāʻawi ka hihia o kēia kikowaena ʻoihana i nā haʻawina koʻikoʻi no nā mea kūkākūkā o ʻApelika e pili ana i ke kūkākūkā ʻana i nā ʻoihana kalepa a me nā ʻoihana pili me Kina.
I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua piʻi nui ke kālepa a me ka hoʻopukapuka kālā ma waena o ʻApelika a me Kina.Mai ka makahiki 2009, ʻo Kina ka hoa kālepa bilateral nui loa o ʻApelika.3 E like me ka hōʻike hou loa o ka Global Investment Report of the United Nations (UN) Conference on Trade and Development, ʻo Kina ka ʻehā o ka mea hoʻopukapuka nui loa ma ʻApelika (ma ke ʻano o FDI) ma hope o Netherlands, UK a me Palani ma 20194. $35 biliona ma 2019. i $44 biliona ma 2019. 5
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hōʻike maoli kēia mau piʻi i ke kālepa kūhelu a me ka hoʻopukapuka kālā i ka nui, ka ikaika a me ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā pilina waiwai ma waena o Kina a me ʻApelika.ʻO kēia no ka mea ʻo nā aupuni a me nā ʻoihana mokuʻāina (SOEs), ka mea i loaʻa pinepine i ka manaʻo media disproportionate, ʻaʻole wale nā mea pāʻani e hoʻokele nei i kēia mau ʻano.ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā mea pāʻani paʻakikī i ka pilina ʻoihana Sino-Africa e komo pū ana ka nui o nā mea pāʻani pilikino Kina a me ʻApelika, ʻoi aku hoʻi nā SME.Hana lākou i loko o ka ʻoihana hoʻokele waiwai a me nā hoʻonohonoho semi-formal a ʻike ʻole paha.ʻO kahi o ke kumu o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kikowaena ʻoihana aupuni ʻo ia ka maʻalahi a hoʻoponopono i kēia mau pilina ʻoihana.
E like me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ʻApelika, ʻike ʻia ka hoʻokele waiwai o Benin e kahi ʻāpana ʻike ʻole.I ka makahiki 2014, aneane ʻewalu o ka ʻumi o nā limahana ma sub-Saharan Africa i loko o ka "hana pilikia," e like me ka International Labor Organization.6 Eia naʻe, e like me ka noiʻi ʻana o ka International Monetary Fund (IMF), ʻo ka hana hoʻokele waiwai maʻamau ka mea e kaupalena nui ai i ka ʻauhau ma nā ʻāina e ulu nei, kahi e pono ai ka waihona ʻauhau paʻa.Hōʻike kēia i ka makemake o nā aupuni o kēia mau ʻāina i ke ana pono ʻana i ka nui o ka ʻoihana hoʻokele waiwai ʻole a me ke aʻo ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka hana mai ka ʻike ʻole i ka ʻoihana.7 I ka hopena, ʻo nā poʻe komo i ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka ʻike ʻole e hoʻonui i ka pilina ʻoihana ma waena o ʻApelika a me Kina.ʻO ka hoʻopili wale ʻana i ke kuleana o ke aupuni ʻaʻole ia e wehewehe i kēia kaulahao hana.
No ka laʻana, ma waho aʻe o nā ʻoihana mokuʻāina nui Kina e hana ana ma ʻApelika ma nā wahi mai ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka ikehu i ka mahiʻai a me ka aila a me ke kinoea, aia kekahi mau mea pāʻani koʻikoʻi.ʻO nā SOE panalāʻau o Kina kekahi kumu, ʻoiai ʻaʻole like lākou i nā pono a me nā pono like me nā SOE nui ma lalo o ka mana o nā mana koʻikoʻi ma Beijing, ʻo ia hoʻi ka State Council Commission for Supervision and Management of State Assets.Eia nō naʻe, ke piʻi nui nei kēia mau mea pāʻani panalāʻau i ka māhele mākeke i kekahi mau ʻoihana nui o ʻApelika e like me ka mining, pharmaceuticals, oil and mobile communications.8 No kēia mau ʻoihana panalāʻau, ʻo ka hoʻolaha ʻana he ala ia e pale aku ai i ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokūkū mai nā SOE nui nui ma ka mākeke kūloko o Kina, akā ʻo ke komo ʻana i nā mākeke hou ma waho he ala e ulu ai kā lākou ʻoihana.Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia mau ʻoihana mokuʻāina me ka ʻokoʻa, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻolālā kikowaena i kauoha ʻia e Beijing.9
Aia kekahi mau mea keaka koʻikoʻi.Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻoihana mokuʻāina ʻo Kina ma nā pae waena a me nā panalāʻau, e hana pū ana nā ʻoihana nui o nā ʻoihana pilikino Kina ma ʻApelika ma o nā pūnaewele transnational semi-formal a i ʻole informal.Ma West Africa, nui nā mea i hana ʻia ma ka ʻāina, me nā mea hou aku ma nā ʻāina e like me Ghana, Mali, Nigeria a me Senegal.10 Ke pāʻani nei kēia mau hui pilikino Kina i kahi kuleana nui i ka pilina kalepa ma waena o Kina a me ʻApelika.ʻOiai ka nui o nā ʻoihana e pili ana, nui nā loiloi a me nā ʻōlelo e hōʻike i ke kuleana o kēia mau mea pāʻani Kina, me nā hui pilikino.Eia nō naʻe, ke hoʻoikaika ikaika nei ka ʻoihana kūʻokoʻa o ʻApelika i ka ʻoihana o nā pilina kalepa ma waena o ko lākou mau ʻāina a me Kina.
ʻO nā waiwai Kina, ʻo ia hoʻi nā textiles, nā lako a me nā mea kūʻai aku, aia ma nā wahi āpau i nā mākeke kūlanakauhale a me nā kua'āina o ʻApelika.ʻOiai ua lilo ʻo Kina i hoa kālepa nui loa o ʻApelika, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mākeke o kēia mau huahana ma mua o nā huahana like ma nā ʻāina Komohana.ʻumikumākahi
Ke hana nui nei nā alakaʻi ʻoihana ʻApelika i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā waiwai Kina ma ʻApelika.Ma ke ʻano he mea lawe mai a me nā mea hoʻolaha ma nā pae āpau o ke kaulahao lako kūpono, hāʻawi lākou i kēia mau huahana mea kūʻai mai nā wahi like ʻole o ka ʻāina nui o Kina a me Hong Kong, a laila ma Cotonou (Benin), Lomé (Togo), Dakar (ma Senegal) a me Accra (ma Ghana), a pēlā aku. 12 He kuleana ko lākou i ka ʻoihana pāʻoihana paʻakikī ma waena o Kina a me ʻApelika.
Hoʻopili moʻolelo kēia hanana.I nā makahiki 1960 a me 1970, ua hoʻokumu kekahi mau ʻāina ma hope o ke kūʻokoʻa ʻana o ʻApelika Komohana i nā pilina pili pili aupuni me ka Republican People's Republic of China i alakaʻi ʻia e ka Party Communist, a ua ninini ʻia nā waiwai Kina i loko o ka ʻāina i ka wā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka papahana hoʻomohala hoʻomohala o Beijing.Ua kūʻai lōʻihi ʻia kēia mau waiwai ma nā mākeke kūloko a hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia nā kālā i loaʻa no nā papahana hoʻomohala kūloko.13
Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻoihana ʻApelika, ʻo nā mea hana ʻē aʻe o ka mokuʻāina ʻo ʻApelika e komo pū ana i kēia mau hana hoʻokele waiwai, ʻo ia hoʻi nā haumāna.Mai nā makahiki 1970 a me 1980, i ka wā i alakaʻi ai ka pilina pili aupuni o Kina me nā aupuni o kekahi mau ʻāina o ʻApelika Komohana i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā haʻawina i nā haumāna ʻApelika e aʻo ai ma Kina, ua hoʻokumu kekahi mau haumāna puka ʻApelika o kēia mau papahana i nā ʻoihana liʻiliʻi e lawe aku i nā waiwai Kina i ko lākou mau ʻāina. e hoʻopaʻi i ka hoʻonui kālā kūloko..ʻumikumāhā
Akā ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka lawe ʻana mai o nā waiwai Kina i loko o nā ʻoihana ʻApelika he hopena koʻikoʻi loa ia ma ʻApelika ʻōlelo Farani.ʻO kēia kekahi ma muli o ka loli ʻana o ke kumukūʻai o ka CFA franc o West Africa (ʻike pū ʻia ʻo CFA franc), he kālā kūloko maʻamau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka franc Farani (i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kēia manawa i ka euro).1994 Ma hope o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka Community franc i ka hapalua, ua pālua ʻia nā kumukūʻai o nā mea kūʻai aku o ʻEulopa i lawe ʻia ma muli o ke kumukūʻai kālā, a ua ʻoi aku ka hoʻokūkū o nā mea kūʻai aku Kina.Ua pōmaikaʻi ʻo 15 mau ʻoihana Kina a me ʻApelika, me nā hui hou, mai kēia ʻano i kēia manawa, e hoʻonui hou ana i nā pilina kalepa ma waena o Kina a me West Africa.Ke kōkua nei kēia mau hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻohana ʻApelika e hāʻawi aku i nā mea kūʻai aku o ʻApelika i kahi ākea ākea o nā huahana i hana ʻia e Kina.ʻO ka hope loa, ua wikiwiki kēia ʻano i ka pae o ka hoʻohana ʻana ma West Africa i kēia lā.
ʻO ka nānā ʻana i nā pilina ʻoihana ma waena o Kina a me kekahi mau ʻāina o West Africa e hōʻike ana e ʻimi nei nā ʻoihana ʻAmelika i kahi mākeke no nā waiwai mai Kina, no ka mea, ʻike maikaʻi lākou i kā lākou mau mākeke kūloko.Hoʻomaopopo ʻo Mohan lāua ʻo Lampert "ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka poʻe kālepa Ghana a me Nigerian i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i kahi noho Kina ma ke kūʻai ʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku, a me nā hoa hana, nā limahana, a me nā waiwai waiwai mai Kina."ma nā ʻāina ʻelua.ʻO ka hoʻolimalima ʻana i nā ʻenehana Kina e mālama i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mea hana a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā ʻenehana kūloko e hana, mālama a hoʻoponopono i nā mīkini.E like me ka mea noiʻi ʻo Mario Esteban i ʻike ai, ʻo kekahi mau mea pāʻani ʻApelika e "hoʻoulu ikaika nei i nā limahana Kina ... e hoʻonui i ka huahana a hāʻawi i nā waiwai a me nā lawelawe ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi."
No ka laʻana, ua wehe nā poʻe kālepa a me nā alakaʻi ʻoihana ʻo Nigeria i ka hale kūʻai ʻo Chinatown ma ke kaona nui o Lagos i hiki ai i nā malihini Kina ke ʻike iā Nigeria he wahi e hana ai i ka ʻoihana.Wahi a Mohan lāua ʻo Lampert, ʻo ke kumu o ka ʻoihana hui e "hoʻopili i nā ʻoihana Kina e wehe hou i nā hale hana ma Lagos, a laila e hana ana i nā hana a me ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai."Holomua.ʻO nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ʻApelika Komohana me Benin.
ʻO Benin, he ʻāina ʻōlelo Farani o 12.1 miliona mau kānaka, he hōʻike maikaʻi ia o kēia ʻoihana pāʻoihana kokoke loa ma waena o Kina a me West Africa.19 Ua loaʻa i ka ʻāina (ʻo Dahomey ma mua) ke kūʻokoʻa mai Farani i ka makahiki 1960 a laila ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma waena o ka hoʻomaopopo diplomatic o ka People's Republic of Kina a me ka Repubalika o Kina (Taiwan) a hiki i ka makahiki 1970.Ua lilo ʻo Benin i Repubalika Kanaka o Kina i ka makahiki 1972 ma lalo o ka Pelekikena Mathieu Kerek, nāna i hoʻokumu i ke aupuni dictator me nā hiʻohiʻona komunista a me ka socialist.Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e aʻo mai ka ʻike o Kina a hoʻohālike i nā mea Kina ma ka home.
ʻO kēia pilina pili hou me Kina i wehe i ka mākeke Benin i nā waiwai Kina e like me nā paikikala Phoenix a me nā textiles.Ua hoʻokumu ʻo 20 mau ʻoihana Kina i ka Textile Industry Association ma 1985 ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Benin o Lokosa a hui pū me ka hui.Hele pū nā mea kālepa Benin i Kina e kūʻai i nā waiwai ʻē aʻe, me nā mea pāʻani a me nā mea puhi ahi, a hoʻihoʻi iā lākou i Benin.21 I ka makahiki 2000, ma lalo o Kreku, ua pani ʻo Kina iā Farani ma ke ʻano he hoa kālepa nui loa o Benin.Ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka pilina ma waena o Benin a me Kina i ka makahiki 2004 i ka wā i pani ai ʻo Kina i ka EU, e hoʻoikaika ana i ke alakaʻi ʻana o Kina ma ke ʻano he hoa kālepa nui loa o ka ʻāina (e nānā i ka pakuhi 1).iwakāluakūmālua
Ma waho aʻe o nā pilina pili politika, kōkua pū nā noʻonoʻo waiwai i ka wehewehe ʻana i kēia mau ʻano kālepa hoʻonui.ʻO ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa o nā waiwai Kina e ʻoluʻolu i nā mea kūʻai Beninese i nā waiwai i hana ʻia ma Kina ʻoiai nā kumukūʻai kūʻai kiʻekiʻe, me ka hoʻouna ʻana a me nā uku.23 Hāʻawi ʻo Kina i nā mea kūʻai Beninese i kahi ākea o nā huahana i nā pae kumukūʻai like ʻole a hāʻawi i ka hoʻoponopono visa wikiwiki no nā mea kālepa Beninese, ʻaʻole like me ʻEulopa kahi ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā visa ʻoihana ma ka ʻāina Schengen no Beninese (a me nā mea kālepa ʻē aʻe o ʻApelika) Paʻakikī ke loaʻa.24 ʻO ka hopena, ua lilo ʻo Kina i mea hoʻolako punahele no nā hui Beninese he nui.ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, e like me nā nīnauele me nā poʻe kālepa Benin a me nā haumāna mua ma Kina, ʻo ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana me Kina ua kōkua i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻoihana pilikino ma Benin, e lawe ana i nā poʻe hou aku i ka ʻoihana waiwai.25
Ke komo pū nei nā haumāna Benin, me ka hoʻohana maʻalahi i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā visa haumāna, ke aʻo ʻana i ka Pākē, a ma ke ʻano he unuhi ʻōlelo ma waena o Benin a me nā ʻoihana Pākē (me nā hui textile) ma waena o Kina a me Benin.Ua kōkua ka noho ʻana o kēia poʻe unuhi Beninese kūloko i ka wehe ʻana i nā pale ʻōlelo e kū mau nei ma waena o nā hoa ʻoihana Pākē a me nā haole, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ʻApelika.Ua lawelawe nā haumāna Beninese ma ke ʻano he loulou ma waena o nā ʻoihana ʻApelika a me Kina mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1980, i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ʻo Beninese, ʻoi aku ka papa waena, e loaʻa nā haʻawina e aʻo ai ma Kina ma ka nui.26
Hiki i nā haumāna ke lawe i ia mau kuleana, ma ka hapa no ka mea ʻo ka ʻEmepa Benin ma Beijing, ʻaʻole like me ka Embassy Kina ma Benin, ʻo ia ka hapa nui o nā diplomats a me nā loea loea i ka hapa nui o ka mālama ʻana i ka politika a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka pili ʻana i nā pilina kalepa.27 No laila, nui nā haumāna Beninese i hoʻolimalima ʻia e nā ʻoihana kūloko no ka hoʻolako ʻole ʻana i nā lawelawe unuhi a me nā lawelawe ʻoihana ma Benin, e like me ka ʻike ʻana a me ka loiloi ʻana i nā hale hana Kina, hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā kipa pūnaewele, a me ka hoʻokō pono ʻana i nā waiwai i kūʻai ʻia ma Kina.Hāʻawi nā haumāna Benin i kēia mau lawelawe ma kekahi mau kūlanakauhale Kina e like me Foshan, Guangzhou, Shantou, Shenzhen, Wenzhou, Xiamen a me Yiwu, kahi e ʻimi nei nā ʻoihana ʻApelika i nā mea āpau mai nā kaʻa kaʻa, nā mea uila a me nā mea kūkulu hale i nā mea ʻono a me nā mea pāʻani.Nā mea hoʻolako i nā waiwai like ʻole.Ua kūkulu pū ʻia kēia koʻikoʻi o nā haumāna Beninese i nā alahaka ma waena o nā poʻe kālepa Kina a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe mai West a me Central Africa, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Côte dʻIvoire, ka Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria a me Togo, e like me nā haumāna mua i ninaninau ʻokoʻa no kēia haʻawina.
I nā makahiki 1980 a me 1990, ua hoʻonohonoho nui ʻia nā pilina kālepa a me nā ʻoihana ma waena o Kina a me Benin ma nā ala like ʻelua: nā pilina pili aupuni a me nā pili aupuni a me nā pilina pili ʻoihana-ʻoihana a i ʻole nā mea kūʻai aku.ʻO nā mea pane mai ka Benin National Council of Employers (Conseil National du Patronat Beninois) i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia nā hui Benin me ka Benin Chamber of Commerce and Industry ua pōmaikaʻi nui mai ka ulu ʻana o nā pilina me Kina ma o ke kūʻai pololei ʻana i nā mea kūkulu hale a me nā waiwai ʻē aʻe.29 Ua hoʻomohala hou ʻia kēia pilina ma waena o ka ʻoihana ʻoihana o Benin a me nā mea pāʻani Kina i hoʻokumu ʻia mai ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ʻo Kina i ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā papahana ʻoihana nui ma waena o ke aupuni ma ke kapikala waiwai o Benin, ʻo Cotonou.ʻO ka kaulana o kēia mau papahana kūkulu nui (nā hale aupuni, nā hale hālāwai, a me nā mea'ē aʻe) ua hoʻonui i ka hoihoi o nā hui Beninese i ke kūʻaiʻana i nā mea hale mai nā mea kūʻai mai Kina.kanakolu
Ma ka hopena o nā makahiki 1990 a me nā makahiki 2000 mua ma West Africa, ua hoʻokō ʻia kēia kālepa maʻamau a semi-formal e ka ulu ʻana o nā kikowaena kalepa Kina, me Benin.Ua ulu aʻe nā kikowaena kālepa i hoʻomaka ʻia e nā mea kālepa kūloko ma nā kūlanakauhale nui o nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o West Africa e like me Nigeria.Ua kōkua kēia mau hubs i nā ʻohana a me nā ʻoihana ʻApelika e hoʻonui i ko lākou hiki ke kūʻai aku i nā waiwai Kina i ka nui a ua hiki i kekahi mau aupuni o ʻApelika e hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi a hoʻoponopono i kēia mau pilina kalepa, kahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā pilina pili waiwai a me nā pilina pili aupuni.
ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa ʻo Benin.Ua hana ʻo ia i nā hui hou e hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi a hoʻoponopono i nā pilina ʻoihana me Kina.ʻO ka laʻana maikaʻi loa ʻo ka Center Chinois de Développement Economique et Commercial au Benin, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma 2008 ma ka moku ʻoihana nui o Gancy, Cotonou, kokoke i ke awa.Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kikowaena, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo ka China Business Center Benin Center, ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka hui pū ʻana ma waena o nā ʻāina ʻelua.
ʻOiai ʻaʻole i hoʻopau ʻia ke kūkulu ʻana a hiki i ka makahiki 2008, he ʻumi makahiki i hala, i ka wā o ka pelekikena o Krekou, ua kaulima ʻia kahi memo o ka hoʻomaopopo mua ma Beijing i Ianuali 1998, e ʻōlelo ana i ka manaʻo e hoʻokumu i kahi kikowaena ʻoihana Kina ma Benin.31 ʻO ka pahuhopu nui o ka Center ʻo ia ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka ʻoihana waiwai a me ka ʻoihana ma waena o nā hui Kina a me Benin.Kūkulu ʻia ke kikowaena ma 9700 square meters o ka ʻāina a uhi ʻia kahi ʻāpana o 4000 square square.Ua uhi ʻia nā kumukūʻai kūkulu hale o US$6.3 miliona e kahi pūʻolo kālā i hui pū ʻia e ke aupuni Kina a me ka panalāʻau Teams International ma Ningbo, Zhejiang.Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻo 60% o ke kālā e loaʻa mai i nā haʻawina, me ke koena 40% i kākoʻo ʻia e nā hui honua.32 Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Center ma lalo o kahi ʻaelike Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) i loaʻa kahi hoʻolimalima 50 makahiki mai ke Aupuni o Benin i mālama ʻia e Teams International, a laila e hoʻoili ʻia ka ʻoihana i ka mana o Benin.33
Ua noi mua ʻia e kahi ʻelele o ka Embassy Kina ma Benin, ua manaʻo ʻia kēia papahana e lilo i wahi kikoʻī no nā ʻoihana Benin makemake e hana ʻoihana me Kina.34 Wahi a lākou, e hāʻawi ke kikowaena ʻoihana i nā ʻelele o nā hui Beninese a me Kina me kahi kahua kikowaena e hoʻonui i ke kālepa, a hiki i ka hopena ke alakaʻi i nā ʻoihana ʻike ʻole i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia me ka Beninese Chamber of Commerce and Industry.Akā, ma waho aʻe o ke kikowaena ʻoihana hoʻokahi, e lawelawe pū ka hale ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he nexus no nā ʻano hoʻolaha kālepa a me nā hana hoʻomohala ʻoihana.Manaʻo ia e hoʻolaha i ka hoʻopukapuka kālā, lawe mai, hoʻokuʻu aku, transit a me nā hana franchise, hoʻonohonoho i nā hōʻikeʻike a me nā ʻoihana pāʻoihana honua, nā hale kūʻai kūʻai nui o nā huahana Kina, a aʻo aku i nā hui Kina e makemake ana i ke noi ʻana i nā papahana ʻoihana kūlanakauhale, nā ʻoihana mahiʻai a me nā papahana pili i ka lawelawe.
Akā ʻoiai ua hiki mai paha ka mea hana Kina i ke kikowaena pāʻoihana, ʻaʻole ia ka hopena o ka moʻolelo.Ua lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ke kūkākūkā ʻana ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ʻoiai ua hoʻonohonoho ka mea hana Beninese i nā manaʻolana, hana i kāna mau koi ponoʻī a koi aku i nā ʻaelike paʻakikī a nā mea pāʻani Kina e hoʻoponopono ai.ʻO nā huakaʻi kula, nā nīnauele a me nā palapala kūloko koʻikoʻi i hoʻonohonoho i ke kahua no ke kūkākūkā ʻana a pehea e hiki ai i nā mokuʻāina o Benin ke hana ma ke ʻano he proxies a me ka hoʻohuli ʻana i nā mea hana Kina e hoʻololi i nā kuʻuna kūloko a me nā lula kalepa, ʻoiai ʻo ka pilina asymmetric o ka ʻāina me Kina ikaika.35
Hōʻike pinepine ʻia ka hui ʻana o Sino-Africa e nā kūkākūkā wikiwiki, ka hopena a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā ʻaelike.Hoʻopaʻapaʻa ka poʻe hoʻohewa i kēia kaʻina hana wikiwiki i alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka maikaʻi o ka ʻoihana.36 I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia nā kūkākūkā ma Benin no ka China Business Center ma Cotonou i ka nui o ka hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia e kahi hui bureaucratic i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia mai nā ʻoihana like ʻole.He ʻoiaʻiʻo loa kēia i ka wā e hoʻokau nei lākou i nā kamaʻilio me ke koi ʻana i ka lohi.Kūkākūkā me nā ʻelele o nā keʻena aupuni like ʻole, hāʻawi i nā hāʻina no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻoihana kiʻekiʻe a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kūlana o ka hale, ka hana, ka nohona a me nā ʻoihana a me nā code.
I ʻApelila 2000, ua hōʻea mai kahi ʻelele Kina mai Ningbo i Benin a ua hoʻonohonoho i kahi keʻena hana hale kūkulu.Ua hoʻomaka nā ʻaoʻao i nā kūkākūkā mua.Aia ma ka ʻaoʻao Benin nā ʻelele mai ke Keʻena Kūʻai o ke Keʻena o ka Environment, Housing and Urban Planning (i koho ʻia e alakaʻi i ka hui hoʻolālā kūlanakauhale o ke aupuni Benin), ka Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Planning and Development, Ministry of Industry a Kalepa a me ke Kuhina Waiwai a me Waiwai.ʻO ka poʻe i komo i nā kamaʻilio me Kina, ʻo ia ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i Benin, ka luna o ka Ningbo Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation Bureau, a me nā ʻelele o kahi hui honua.37 Ma Malaki 2002, ua hōʻea mai kekahi ʻelele ʻē aʻe o Ningbo i Benin a kau inoa i kahi memo me ke Kuhina ʻOihana Benin.Pāʻoihana: Hōʻike ka palapala i kahi o ke kikowaena ʻoihana e hiki mai ana.38 Ma ʻApelila 2004, kipa ke Kuhina Kalepa a me ka ʻOihana o Benin i Ningbo a kau inoa i kahi memo o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana, e hoʻomaka ana i ka pōʻai aʻe o nā kūkākūkā kūhelu.39
Ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kūkākūkā kūhelu no ke kikowaena ʻoihana, ua hāʻawi nā mea kūkākūkā Kina i kahi kikoʻī aelike BOT i ke aupuni Benin i Pepeluali 2006. 40 Akā ʻo ka nānā pono ʻana i kēia kiʻi mua e hōʻike ana.Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi loiloi kikokikona o kēia kiʻi mua (ma ka ʻōlelo Palani) i ke kūlana mua o ka poʻe kūkākūkā Kina (i hoʻāʻo ʻia e ka ʻaoʻao Beninese e hoʻololi) aia nā ʻōlelo ʻaelike paʻakikī e pili ana i ke kūkulu ʻana, hana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kikowaena ʻoihana Kina, a me nā mea e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka makemake a me nā hoʻoikaika ʻauhau i manaʻo ʻia.41
He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i kekahi mau wahi e pili ana i ka pae kūkulu i ka papahana mua.E noi kekahi iā Benin e lawe i kekahi mau "uku" me ka ʻole o ka wehewehe ʻana i ka nui o ia mau koina.42 Ua noi pū ka ʻaoʻao Kina i ka "hoʻoponopono" i ka uku o ka poʻe Beninese a me nā limahana Kina ma ka papahana, akā ʻaʻole i kuhikuhi i ka nui o ka hoʻoponopono. e alakaʻi wale ʻia nā haʻawina e ka ʻaoʻao Kina, me ka ʻike ʻana e hana nā ʻelele o ka ʻoihana noiʻi (nā ʻoihana noiʻi) i nā haʻawina hopena.44 ʻAʻole nō hoʻi ka papa kuhikuhi no ka hana kūkulu ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo pohihihi o ka ʻaelike.No ka laʻana, ua ʻōlelo kekahi paukū ma nā ʻōlelo maʻamau "e hāʻawi ʻo Kina i nā manaʻo e pili ana i nā hopena o nā noiʻi ʻenehana", akā ʻaʻole i kuhikuhi i ka wā e hiki mai ai kēia.45 Pēlā nō, ʻaʻole ʻōlelo nā ʻatikala kikoʻī i nā kuʻina palekana no nā limahana kūloko ma Benin.
Ma ka mahele kikoo e pili ana i na hana o ke kikowaena, ma waena o na mea i manaoia e ka aoao Pake, aia no kekahi mau mea nui a maopopo ole.Ua koi ka poʻe kūkākūkā Kina e ʻae ʻia nā ʻoihana ʻoihana Kina e hana ana ma ke kikowaena ʻoihana e kūʻai aku i nā waiwai kūʻai nui a kūʻai aku ʻaʻole wale ma ke kikowaena ponoʻī, akā ma nā mākeke kūloko o Benin.46 Kūlike kēia koi me nā pahuhopu mua o ka Center.Hāʻawi nā ʻoihana i nā mea kūʻai kūʻai nui a hiki i nā ʻoihana Beninese ke kūʻai aku mai Kina a kūʻai nui aku e like me nā mea kūʻai kūʻai ma Benin a ma West Africa.47 Ma lalo o kēia mau ʻōlelo i manaʻo ʻia, e ʻae ke kikowaena i nā hui Kina e hāʻawi i "nā lawelawe ʻoihana ʻē aʻe," me ka ʻole o ka wehewehe ʻana i nā lawelawe.
ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka draft mua he unilateral pū kekahi.Manaʻo ka manaʻo, me ka ʻole o ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hāʻawi ʻana, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia ka poʻe kuleana ma Benin e hana i "kekahi hana hoʻokae i ka Center", akā ʻike ʻia kāna mau mea e ʻae ai i ka noʻonoʻo ʻoi aku ka nui, ʻo ia hoʻi "i ka mea hiki loa".E hoʻāʻo e hoʻolako i nā hana no nā kamaʻāina kūloko ma Benin, akā ʻaʻole i hāʻawi i nā kikoʻī e pili ana i ke ʻano o kēia hana.49
Ua hana pū nā ʻaoʻao ʻaelike o Kina i nā koi hoʻokuʻu kikoʻī.Ke koi nei ka paukū "ʻaʻole e ʻae ka ʻaoʻao Benin i kekahi ʻaoʻao politika a i ʻole ʻāina ʻē aʻe o Kina ma ka sub-region (West Africa) e hoʻokumu i kahi kikowaena like ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Cotonou no 30 mau makahiki mai ka lā i hoʻokomo ʻia ai ke kikowaena."50 nā huaʻōlelo kānalua e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o nā mea kūkākūkā Kina e pale i ka hoʻokūkū mai nā mea pāʻani haole a me nā mea pāʻani Kina.Hōʻike kēia mau ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o nā hui panalāʻau Kina e hoʻokūkū me nā hui ʻē aʻe, me nā hui Kina ʻē aʻe51, ma ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi ʻoihana kūʻokoʻa.
E like me nā kūlana no ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hana ʻana o ka Center, ʻo nā kūlana e pili ana i ka hiki ke hoʻoili ʻia o ka papahana i ka mana o Benin e koi aku iā Benin e amo i nā koina a me nā lilo pili, me nā uku o nā loio a me nā lilo ʻē aʻe.52
Hoʻokomo pū ʻia ka palapala ʻaelike i kekahi mau māhele i manaʻo ʻia e Kina e pili ana i nā manaʻo lapaʻau makemake.ʻO kekahi mea hoʻolako, no ka laʻana, ua ʻimi e hoʻopaʻa i ka ʻāina ma waho o Cotonou, i kapa ʻia ʻo Gboje, e kūkulu i nā hale kūʻai no nā hui Kina e pili ana i ka hale kūʻai e mālama i nā waihona.53 Ua koi pū ka poʻe kūkākūkā Kina e ʻae ʻia ka poʻe Kina.
Ma waena o nā kumukūʻai a me nā pōmaikaʻi i hāʻawi ʻia, ke koi nei nā mea kūkākūkā Kina i nā ʻōlelo ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā mea i ʻae ʻia e ke kānāwai aupuni o Benin, e koi ana i ka ʻae ʻana no nā kaʻa, ke aʻo ʻana, nā sila hoʻopaʻa inoa, nā uku hoʻokele a me nā lawelawe ʻenehana, a me nā uku o Benin.ʻO nā limahana Kina a me nā mea lawelawe kikowaena ʻoihana.55 Ua koi pū ka poʻe kūkākūkā Kina e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka ʻauhau ma luna o ka loaʻa kālā o nā hui Kina e hana ana ma ke kikowaena, a hiki i kahi kaupaku i ʻike ʻole ʻia, nā lako no ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kikowaena, a me nā hoʻolaha hoʻolaha a me nā hoʻolaha hoʻolaha e hāpai i nā hana o ke kikowaena.56
E like me ka hōʻike ʻana o kēia mau kikoʻī, ua hana ka poʻe kūkākūkā Kina i nā koi he nui, pinepine i nā huaʻōlelo maʻalahi, e manaʻo ana e hoʻonui i ko lākou kūlana kūkākūkā.
Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻaelike kikoʻī mai kā lākou mau hoa Kina, ua hoʻomaka hou ka poʻe kūkākūkā Beninese i kahi noiʻi hoʻopaʻapaʻa nui a me ka ikaika, i alakaʻi i nā loli nui.I ka makahiki 2006, ua hoʻoholo ʻia e koho i nā ʻoihana kūikawā e kū ana i ke aupuni o Benin e nānā a hoʻololi i nā ʻaelike hoʻolālā kūlanakauhale a e nānā i nā ʻōlelo o ia mau kuʻikahi me ka hui pū ʻana me nā ʻoihana e pili ana.57 No kēia ʻaelike kūikawā, ʻo ka ʻoihana nui o Benin ke komo ʻana i ka Ministry of Environment, Habitat and Urban Planning ma ke ʻano he kiko no ka loiloi ʻana i nā ʻaelike me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe.
Ma Malaki 2006, ua hoʻonohonoho ke Kuhina i kahi hālāwai kūkākūkā ma Lokossa, e kono ana i kekahi mau laina laina58 e nānā a kūkākūkā i ka papahana, e like me ka Ministry of Trade and Industry, Ministry of Labor and Social Services, the Ministry of Justice and Legislation, ka Luna Hoʻokele Nui o ka ʻĀina a me ke Waiwai, nā kuleana pili kālā Luna Hoʻokele Nui a me ke Kuhina Kalaiaina a me ka Maluhia o ka lehulehu.59 I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana e pili paha ke kānāwai kikoʻī i nā ʻano āpau o ke ola waiwai a me ka politika ma Benin (me ke kūkulu ʻana, ka ʻoihana ʻoihana a me ka ʻauhau, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), loaʻa i nā ʻelele o kēlā me kēia ʻoihana ka manawa kūpono e nānā i nā ʻōlelo kikoʻī e like me nā mea i loaʻa. i kā lākou mau ʻāpana a loiloi pono i nā mea i manaʻo ʻia e Kina Degree o ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā lula kūloko, nā code a me nā hana.
ʻO kēia hoʻi ʻana ma Lokas e hāʻawi i nā mea kūkākūkā Beninese i ka manawa a me ka mamao mai kā lākou mau hoa Kina, a me nā pilikia e hiki mai ana iā lākou.ʻO nā Lunamaka'āinana o ke Kuhina Beninese i noho ma ka hālāwai i hāʻawi i kekahi mau hoʻololi i ka palapala aelike e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i nā hua'ōlelo o kaʻaelike e like me nā rula a me nā kūlana Beninese.Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke akamai o kēia mau ʻoihana a pau, ma mua o ka ʻae ʻana i hoʻokahi ʻoihana e hoʻomalu a kauoha, ua hiki i nā luna o Benin ke hoʻomau i ke alo lokahi a hoʻoikaika i kā lākou mau hoa Kina e hoʻoponopono e like me ka wā e hiki mai ana o nā kūkākūkā.
Wahi a ka poʻe kūkākūkā Beninese, ʻo ka pō aʻe o ke kamaʻilio ʻana me kā lākou mau hoa Kina i ʻApelila 2006 i hala ʻekolu "lā a me nā pō" i hope.Ua koi ʻo 60 Kina e lilo ke kikowaena i kahua kālepa.(ʻaʻole wale nā mea kūʻai nui wale) akā ua kūʻē ke Kuhina ʻOihana a me Kalepa ʻo Benin i kēia a ua ʻōlelo hou ʻo ia ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia ma ke kānāwai.
ʻO ka holoʻokoʻa, ua hiki i ka poʻe loea aupuni o Benin ke hāʻawi aku i kā lākou mau hoa Kina i kahi palapala kikoʻī hou e pili ana i nā lula a me nā lula o Benin.ʻO ka lokahi a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ke aupuni Beninese ua paʻakikī i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o Kina e māhele a noho aliʻi ma o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i nā ʻāpana o ka poʻe Beninese bureaucrats e kūʻē i kekahi i kekahi, me ka koi ʻana i kā lākou mau hoa Kina e hana ʻae a mālama i nā kuʻuna kūloko a me nā hana ʻoihana.Ua hui pū ka poʻe kūkākūkā Benin i nā mea nui a ka pelekikena e hoʻonui i ka pilina waiwai o Benin me Kina a hoʻokumu i nā pilina ma waena o nā ʻāpana kūʻokoʻa o nā ʻāina ʻelua.Akā ua hoʻokō lākou i ka pale ʻana i ka mākeke Benin kūloko mai ke kahe ʻana o nā mea kūʻai kūʻai Kina.He mea koʻikoʻi kēia no ka mea ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻokūkū ikaika ma waena o nā mea hana kūloko a me nā mea hoʻokūkū Kina i ka kūʻē kūʻē ʻana me Kina mai nā mea kālepa Beninese e hana nei ma nā mākeke nui e like me Duntop Market, kekahi o nā mākeke ākea nui loa o West Africa.61
Hoʻohui ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ke aupuni Benin a kōkua i nā luna o Benin e loaʻa i kahi kūlana kūkākūkā koʻikoʻi a Kina e hoʻoponopono ai.Ke kōkua nei kēia mau kūkākūkā e hōʻike pehea e hiki ai i kahi ʻāina liʻiliʻi ke kūkākūkā me kahi mana nui e like me Kina inā i hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi ʻia a hoʻokō ʻia.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Oct-18-2022